Current
Risk Factors for HIV/AIDS in Drug Users
Funding Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse
Funding Period: 1983-2014
Principal Investigator: Don C. Des Jarlais, Ph.D.
The Risk Factors project has studied the very large HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) in New York City from 1978 (using stored sera) and the very large HIV epidemic among non-injecting heroin and cocaine drug users (NIDUs) since 1995. The project has demonstrated a dramatic reduction in HIV transmission among IDUs, but also a substantial increase in HIV among NIDUS. (HIV prevalence has doubled among NIDUs in NYC over the last decade). Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is strongly associated with HIV transmission, and the project has identified prevalence HSV-2 as a major factor associated with HIV transmission among NIDUs in NYC.
The specific aims include: 1) Monitoring risk behavior, HIV prevalence and incidence and service utilization in the continuing evolution of the HIV epidemic among NIDUs and IDUs in New York City. 2) Quantifying the long-term population-level relationships between HIV and HSV-2 infections among heroin and cocaine users in NYC, including testing the hypothesis that the strength of the association between HSV-2 and HIV increases over time. Recent intervention studies have dramatically increased the need for understanding HSV-2/HIV relationships. 3) Evaluating effects of the New York City Department of Health (NYC DOH) Condom Social Marketing campaign on sexual risk behaviors and HIV and HSV-2 infection among IDUs and NIDUs in NYC. 4) Monitoring patterns of sexual and injection related HIV transmission among IDUs in NYC. There are many linkages between NIDUs and IDUs in NYC. NIDUs and IDUs are best viewed as linked groups within a single population of heroin and cocaine users in NYC. A thorough understanding of sexual transmission among NIDUs requires an understanding of both injecting and sexual transmission among IDUs in the city. 5) Assess new patterns of racial/ethnic differences in HIV infection among NIDUs and IDUs. 6) Intervention development. These aims will be accomplished through continuation of our studies of NIDUs and IDUs entering Beth Israel drug treatment programs in NYC. The proposed research will be the first study of the spread of HIV over time in a very large population of NIDUs, the first assessment of change in the relationship of HVS-2 to HIV over time among NIDUs, and the first assessment of the effects of a very large condom social marketing campaign on sexual risk behavior of NIDUs and IDUs.
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Coffin, L. S., Newberry, A., Hagan, H., Cleland, C. M., Des Jarlais, D. C., & Perlman, D. C. (2010). Syphilis in drug users in low and middle income countries. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21 (1), 20-27.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., McKnight, C., Hagan, H., Perlman, D. C., Torian, L. V., Beatrice, S., Semaan, S., & Friedman, S. R. (2010). HIV infection during limited versus combined HIV prevention programs for IDUs in New York City: The importance of transmission behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109 (1-3), 154-160.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., McKnight, C., Ringer, M., & Friedman, S. R. (2010). Syringe exchange, injecting and intranasal drug use. Addiction, 105 (1), 155-158.
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Arasteh, K., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2009). HIV testing and treatment among at-risk drinking injection drug users. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 8 (3), 196-201.
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Arasteh, K., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2009). At-risk drinking and injection and sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive injection drug users entering drug treatment in New York City. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23 (8), 657-661.
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Cooper, H. L., Bossak, B., Tempalski, B., Des Jarlais, D. C., & Friedman, S. R. (2009). Geographic approaches to quantifying the risk environment: Drug-related law enforcement and access to syringe exchange programmes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20 (3), 217-226.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., & Semaan, S. (2009). HIV prevention and psychoactive drug use: A research agenda. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63 (3), 191-196.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., Hagan, H., McKnight, C., Perlman, D. C., & Friedman, S. R. (2009). Persistence and change in disparities in HIV infection among injection drug users in New York City after large-scale syringe exchange programs. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (Suppl 2), S445-S451.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., McKnight, C., Hagan, H., Perlman, D., & Friedman, S. R. (2009). Using hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus-2 to track HIV among injecting drug users in New York City. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101 (1-2), 88-91.
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Semaan, S., Santibanez, S., Garfein, R. S., Heckathorn, D. D., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2009). Ethical and regulatory considerations in HIV prevention studies employing respondent-driven sampling. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20 (1), 14-27.
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Vorobjov, S., Uuskula, A., Abel-Ollo, K., Talu, A., & Des Jarlais, D. (2009). Should pharmacists have a role in harm reduction services for IDUs? A qualitative study in Tallinn, Estonia. Journal of Urban Health, 86 (6), 918-928.
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Vorobjov, S., Uuskula, A., Abel-Ollo, K., Talu, A., Ruutel, K., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2009). Comparison of injecting drug users who obtain syringes from pharmacies and syringe exchange programs in Tallinn, Estonia. Harm Reduction Journal, 6 (1), 3.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., & Semaan, S. (2008). HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers. In K. K. Holmes, P. F. Sparling, W. E. Stamm, P. Piot, J. N. Wasserheit, L. Corey, L. Cohen &. D. H. Watts (Eds.), Sexually transmitted diseases (4th ed., 237-255). New York: Mc-Graw-Hill.
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Cleland, C. M., Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T. E., Stimson, G., & Poznyak, V. (2007). HIV risk behaviors among female IDUs in developing and transitional countries. BMC Public Health, 7, 271.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., Perlis, T., Hagan, H., Abdul-Quader, A., Heckathorn, D. D., McKnight, C., Bramson, H., Nemeth, C., Torian, L. V., & Friedman, S. R. (2007). Convergence of HIV seroprevalence among injecting and non-injecting drug users in New York City. AIDS, 21 (2), 231-235.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Arasteh, K., Perlis, T., Hagan, H., Heckathorn, D. D., McKnight, C., Bramson, H., & Friedman, S. R. (2007). The transition from injection to non-injection drug use: Long-term outcomes among heroin and cocaine users in New York City. Addiction, 102 (5), 778-785.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Hagan, H., Arasteh, K., McKnight, C., Perlman, D., & Friedman, S. R. (2007). Herpes simplex virus-2 and HIV among noninjecting drug users in New York City. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34 (11), 923-927.
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Friedman, S. R., de Jong, W., Rossi, D., Touze, G., Rockwell, R., Des Jarlais, D. C., & Elovich, R. (2007). Harm reduction theory: Users’ culture, micro-social indigenous harm reduction, and the self-organization and outside-organizing of users’ groups. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18 (2), 107-117.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T. E., Stimson, G. V., Poznyak, V., & WHO Phase II Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group (2006). Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting drug use in developing/transitional countries: Case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II. BMC Public Health, 6:54.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T., Arasteh, K., Torian, L. V., Beatrice, S., Milliken, J., Mildvan, D., Yancovitz, S., & Friedman, S. R. (2005). HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: Use of serologic test algorithm to assess expansion of HIV prevention services. American Journal of Public Health, 95 (8), 1439-1444.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T., Arasteh, K., Torian, L. V., Hagan, H., Beatrice, S., Smith, L., Wethers, J., Milliken, J., Mildvan, D., Yancovitz, S., & Friedman, S. R. (2005). Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990-2001. AIDS, 19 (Supplement 3), S20-S25.
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Perlis, T. E., Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Arasteh, K., & Turner, C. F. (2004). Audio-computerized self-interviewing versus face-to-face interviewing for research data collection at drug treatment programs. Addiction, 88 (7), 885-896.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Diaz, T., Perlis, T., Vlahov, D., Maslow, C., Latka, M., Rockwell, R., Edwards, V., Friedman, S. R., Monterroso, E., Williams, I., & Garfein, R. S. (2003). Variability in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among young injecting drug users in New York City. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157 (5), 467-471.
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Maslow, C. B., Friedman, S. R., Perlis, T. E., Rockwell, R., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (2002). Changes in HIV seroprevalence and related behaviors among male injection drug users who do and do not have sex with men: New York City, 1990-1999. American Journal of Public Health, 92 (3), 382-384.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Marmor, M., Friedmann, P., Titus, S., Aviles, E., Deren, S., Torian, L., Glebatis, D., Murrill, C., Monterroso, E., & Friedman, S. R. (2000). HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1992-1997: Evidence for a declining epidemic. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (3), 352-359.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T., Friedman, S. R., Chapman, T., Kwok, J., Rockwell, R., Paone, D., Milliken, J., & Monterroso, E. (2000). Behavioral risk reduction in a declining HIV epidemic: Injection drug users in New York City, 1990-1997. American Journal of Public Health, 90 (7), 1112-1116.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Perlis, T., Chapman, T. F., Sotheran, J. L., Paone, D., Monterroso, E., & Neaigus, A. (1999). Risk behavior and HIV infection among new drug injectors in the era of AIDS in New York City. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 20, 67-72.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Hagan, H., Friedman, S. R., & Ward, T. P. (1999). HIV among injecting drug users: Epidemiology and emerging public health perspectives. In T. C. Merigan , Jr., J. G. Bartlett, & D. Bolognesi (Eds.), Textbook of AIDS Medicine (2nd ed., 179-190). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
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Friedman, S. R., Chapman, T. F., Perlis, T. E., Rockwell, R., Paone, D., Sotheran, J. L., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1999). Similarities and differences by race/ethnicity in changes of HIV seroprevalence and related behaviors among drug injectors in New York City, 1991-1996. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 22 (1), 83-91.
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Friedman, S. R., Chapman, T. F., Perlis, T. E., Sotheran, J. L., Rockwell, R., Paone, D., Marmor, M., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1999). Modulators of ''activated motivation'': Event-specific condom use by drug injectors who have used condoms to prevent HIV/AIDS. AIDS and Behavior, 3 (2), 85-98.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., & Friedman, S. R. (1998). Fifteen years of preventing HIV infection among injection drug users: What we have learned, what we have not learned, what we have done, what we have not done. Public Health Reports, 113 (Supplement 1), 182-188.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Hagan, H., Friedman, S. R., Friedmann, P., Goldberg, D., Frischer, M., Green, S., Tunving, K., Ljungberg, B., Wodak, A., Ross, M., Purchase, D., Millson, P., & Myers, T. (1998). Preventing epidemics of HIV-1 among injecting drug users. In G. Stimson, D. C. Des Jarlais, & A. Ball (Eds.), Drug injecting and HIV infection: Global dimensions and local responses. London: World Health Organization, UCL Press.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T., Friedman, S. R., Deren, S., Chapman, T. F., Sotheran, J. L., Tortu, S., Beardsley, M., Paone, D., Torian, L. V., Beatrice, S. T., DeBernardo, E., Monterroso, E., & Marmor, M. (1998). Declining seroprevalence in a very large HIV epidemic: Injecting drug users in New York City, 1991 to 1996. American Journal of Public Health, 88 (12), 1801-1806.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Vanichseni, S., Marmor, M., Buavirat, A., Titus, S., Raktham, S., Friedmann, P., Kitayaporn, D., Wolfe, H., Friedman, S. R., & Mastro, T. D. (1997). Why I am not infected with HIV: Implications for long-term HIV risk reduction and HIV vaccine trials. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 16 (5), 393-399.
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Friedman, S. R., Neaigus, A., Jose, B., Curtis, R., Goldstein, M. F., Sotheran, J. L., Wenston, J. A., Latkin, C. A., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1997). Network and sociohistorical approaches to the HIV epidemic among drug injectors. In L. Sherr, J. Catalan, & B. Hedge (Eds.), The impact of AIDS: Psychological and social aspects of HIV infection (89-113). Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedmann, P., Hagan, H., & Friedman, S. R. (1996). The protective effect of AIDS-related behavioral change among injection drug users: A cross-national study. American Journal of Public Health, 86 (12), 1780-1785.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Hagan, H., Friedman, S. R., Friedmann, P., Goldberg, D., Frischer, M., Green, S., Tunving, K., Ljungberg, B., Wodak, A., Ross, M., Purchase, D., Millson, M. E., & Myers, T. (1995). Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274 (15), 1226-1231.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Choopanya, K., Vanichseni, S., Plangsringarm, K., Sonchai, W., Carballo, M., Friedmann, P., & Friedman, S. R. (1994). AIDS risk reduction and reduced HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users in Bangkok. American Journal of Public Health, 84 (3), 452-455.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Sotheran, J. L., Wenston, J. A., Carballo, M., Choopanya, K., & Vanichseni, S. (1994). Reliability and validity in cross-national research on AIDS risk behavior among injecting drug users. In A. Nicolosi (Ed.), HIV epidemiology: Models and methods (65-75). New York, NY: Raven Press.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Sotheran, J. L., Wenston, J. A., Marmor, M., Yancovitz, S. R., Frank, B., Beatrice, S. T., & Mildvan, D. (1994). Continuity and change within an HIV epidemic: Injecting drug users in New York City, 1984 through 1992. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271 (2), 121-127.
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Friedman, S. R., Des Jarlais, D. C., Ward, T. P., Jose, B., Neaigus, A., & Goldstein, M. F. (1994). Drug injectors and heterosexual AIDS. In L. Sherr (Ed.), AIDS and the heterosexual population (41-65). Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., & Sotheran, J. L. (1992). The first city: HIV among intravenous drug users in New York City. In E. Fee, & D. M. Fox (Eds.), AIDS: The making of a chronic disease (279-295). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Choopanya, K., Vanichseni, S., & Ward, T. P. (1992). International epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among injecting drug users. AIDS, 6 (10), 1053-1068.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Wenston, J., Friedman, S. R., Sotheran, J. L., Maslansky, R., & Marmor, M. (1992). Crack cocaine use in a cohort of methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9, 319-325.
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Friedman, S. R., Neaigus, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Sotheran, J. L., Woods, J., Sufian, M., Stepherson, B., & Sterk, C. (1992). Social intervention against AIDS among injecting drug users. British Journal of Addiction, 87 (3), 393-404.
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Friedman, S. R., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1991). HIV among drug injectors: The epidemic and the response. AIDS Care, 3 (3), 239-250.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Goldsmith, D., & Hopkins, W. (1990). Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from intravenous drug users: Regular partnerships and prostitution. In B. Voeller, J. M. Reinisch, & M. Gottlieb (Eds.), AIDS and sex: An integrated biomedical and biobehavioral approach (245-256). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Des Jarlais, D. C., Friedman, S. R., Novick, D. M., Sotheran, J. L., Thomas, P., Yancovitz, S. R., Mildvan, D., Weber, J., Kreek, M. J., & Maslansky, R. (1989). HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261 (7), 1008-1012.
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Friedman, S. R., Quimby, E., Sufian, M., Abdul-Quader, A., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1988). Racial aspects of the AIDS epidemic. California Sociologist, 11, 55-68.
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Friedman, S. R., Des Jarlais, D. C., Sotheran, J. L., Garber, J., Cohen, H., & Smith, D. (1987). AIDS and self-organization among intravenous drug users. International Journal of the Addictions, 22 (3), 201-219.
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Friedman, S. R., Selan, B. H., & Des Jarlais, D. C. (1987). The special problems of intravenous drug users as persons at risk for AIDS. Resident and Staff Physician, 33 (12), 35-44.
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