BACKGROUND: Heroin-related deaths are on the rise in the US and a large portion of heroin overdoses involve co-use of other drugs such as benzodiazepines. A better understanding of heroin polysubstance use patterns could help discern better prevention measures.
METHODS: Data were examined from past-month (“current”) heroin users from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (2010–2016, n = 327). We examined how past-month use and frequency of use of various drugs relate to frequency of current heroin use using chi-square and multivariable ordinal logistic regression.
RESULTS: Prevalence of any past-month use of various other drugs (and past-month use 10+ times) tends to increase as the frequency of heroin use increases; however, other drug use tends to decline among those reporting the use of heroin 40+ times in the past month. In multivariable models controlling for demographic characteristics, most levels of alcohol use were associated with decreased odds of higher-frequency heroin use (ps<.05). Nonmedical opioid (aOR = 5.84, p = .037) and tranquilizer (aOR = 14.63, p = .045) use 40+ times in the past month were associated with increased odds of higher-frequency heroin use.
CONCLUSIONS: High school seniors who use heroin also use multiple other drugs. Increases in the frequency of heroin use are associated with shifts in the nature and frequency of polysubstance use, with a higher frequency of heroin use associated with the highest percentage and frequency of use of depressants (nonmedical opioid and benzodiazepine use), compounding the risk of overdose. Prevention measures should consider polysubstance use patterns among heroin-using adolescents.
Not just heroin: Extensive polysubstance use among US high school seniors who currently use heroin
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 377-384. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.001. PMCID: PMC6198323.