BACKGROUND: Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is an evidence-based intervention for people experiencing homelessness which integrates permanent housing with voluntary support services. PSH tenants are at high risk for overdose death, yet little research to date has examined overdose in PSH. We sought to examine overdose risk and existing responses in PSH, which can shed light on opportunities for future overdose prevention efforts.
METHODS: We conducted focus groups with PSH tenants, staff, and leaders in New York City and New York’s Capital Region. Focus groups were recorded and professionally transcribed. Two investigators independently completed rapid turnaround qualitative analysis, completing templated summaries of each focus group and compiling key content in an analysis matrix, which a third investigator reviewed; discrepancies were resolved by consensus.
RESULTS: From October to December 2022, we held 8 focus group sessions with PSH tenants (3 focus groups, n = 10 total participants), staff (3 focus groups, n = 13), and leaders (2 focus groups, n = 11) grouped by role and region. Participants were diverse in age (26–67 years), gender (18 women, 16 men), race (3 Asian, 12 Black, 11 White, 5 multiracial, 3 other), and ethnicity (5 Latinx, 29 not Latinx). Analysis revealed four main themes: (1) Overdose was a large concern in PSH and created significant trauma for tenants and staff; (2) Environmental factors in PSH contributed to overdose risk; (3) There was heterogeneity in PSH buildings’ current overdose prevention efforts and adoption of harm reduction principles; and (4) Multifactorial barriers resulted in limited tenant use of opioid agonist treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Overdose is a major concern for PSH tenants, staff, and leaders. Our findings shed new light on overdose in PSH settings, providing insight into risk factors, existing responses, and barriers and facilitators to future overdose prevention efforts. These findings can inform future overdose prevention interventions within PSH.
Understanding overdose risk and response in permanent supportive housing: Results of focus groups with tenants, staff, and leaders
Addiction Science and Clinical Practice, 20 (1), 91. doi: 10.1186/s13722-025-00616-4. PMCID: PMC12664209.